Self Instruction as Teaching Method In Nursing Education

Teaching Method In Nursing Education What are Self Instructions?

Self-instruction is an educational method that enables learners to independently complete educational tasks and meet learning objectives without continuous guidance from an instructor. In this approach, the educator designs instructional activities or materials that guide the learner step by step toward the completion of specific goals. Each self-instruction module usually focuses on one topic and is designed for independent study.

This method is highly effective for mastering information in the cognitive and psychomotor domains, where the primary goal is for the learner to gain knowledge and apply it in practice. Self-study methods are also commonly used to introduce concepts and procedures before demonstration of psychomotor skills, making it a versatile approach for a range of learning needs in nursing education.

The concept of self-instruction can be challenging to define due to the variety of terms associated with it, such as mini-courses, self-instructional packages, individualized learning activities, self-directed learning, and programmed instruction. Self-instruction is a self-contained educational activity where learners progress at their own pace to achieve a specific level of competence or knowledge (Abruzzese, 1996).

Self-Instruction Modules in Nursing Education

Self-instruction modules can take various forms, including workbooks, study guides, video tutorials, online modules, computer programs, and workstations. These modules are designed for independent use. In the role of a facilitator, the educator provides support, encouragement, and reinforcement throughout the learning process but is not actively involved in delivering the content.

Self-instruction modules have become an essential component of nursing education due to their flexibility and ability to cater to the learner’s pace and unique needs. Some common formats for self-instruction include:

• Workbooks or Study Guides: These materials guide learners through structured content with exercises and quizzes for self-assessment.
• Videotapes or Online Videos: Visual demonstrations that help learners understand complex procedures or topics.
• Computer Programs or Web-Based Modules: Interactive programs that offer immediate feedback and engage the learner through technology.

Benefits of Self-Instruction Modules in Nursing Education

Self-instruction modules offer numerous benefits in nursing education, both for educators and learners:

1. Independent Learning: Learners can study at their own pace, allowing them to fully grasp the material without time pressures. This method is especially helpful for adult learners who have varying schedules and responsibilities.
2. Personalized Learning: Educators can tailor self-instruction modules to meet the specific needs of individual learners. For example, modules on infection control can be developed for staff training, or modules on breast self-examination can be used for patient education. This customization ensures that learners can focus on their own strengths and areas for improvement.
3. Increased Efficiency: Self-instruction reduces the amount of educator time spent on one-on-one teaching, allowing for more learners to engage in educational activities simultaneously. This method is especially useful in settings where large numbers of learners need to be trained in a short period, such as annual competency updates or when introducing new healthcare protocols.
4. Cost-Effective: Once developed, self-instruction modules can be used repeatedly, making them a cost-effective teaching method. Modules may require occasional updates, but the basic framework remains reusable for new learners or staff.
5. Empowerment and Accountability: This method aligns with adult learning principles (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2011) by encouraging learners to take responsibility for their learning outcomes. Self-instruction fosters self-directed learning, a crucial skill for lifelong learning in the ever-evolving field of healthcare.
6. Assessment and Feedback: Well-designed modules include periodic self-assessment opportunities that provide learners with immediate feedback on their progress. This feedback loop ensures that learners can self-correct and assess their understanding of the material before moving on to new concepts. The final evaluation through post-tests ensures mastery of the content.

Key Components of Self-Instruction Modules

Each self-instruction module typically includes the following components:

1. Introduction and Purpose: An opening section that outlines the purpose of the module and gives instructions on how to navigate the content.
2. Prerequisite Skills: A list of required skills or prior knowledge that the learner should have before starting the module.
3. Behavioral Objectives: Clear, measurable objectives that define what learners are expected to achieve by the end of the module.
4. Pre-Test: An initial test that helps learners assess their existing knowledge and determine if they need to complete the module.
5. Learning Activities: Step-by-step activities presented in small, manageable units (called frames) that cover the content in detail.
6. Estimated Time: A time estimate for completing the module, helping learners to manage their study time effectively.
7. Resource Identification: A list of supplementary materials such as videos, reading materials, or online resources that enhance the learning process.
8. Self-Assessment Opportunities: Throughout the module, learners are provided with opportunities to self-assess their understanding and progress.
9. Post-Test: A final test to evaluate learners’ mastery of the material. The post-test is often accompanied by a feedback loop to ensure learners have met the required competencies.

Applications in Nursing Education

Self-instruction modules are well-suited to a variety of educational purposes in nursing education:

• Annual Training Updates: Hospitals can use self-instruction modules to ensure that all staff are updated on new protocols and standards of care without requiring large group sessions.
• Continuing Education: Nurses can use self-instruction modules for continuing education, allowing them to maintain competencies and acquire new skills while balancing work and personal responsibilities.
• Client Education: Patients can learn self-care skills, such as CPR or diabetes management, through interactive self-study materials that allow them to practice and repeat information as necessary.

Technology and Self-Instruction: Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is a form of self-instruction that uses technology to deliver educational content. Learners can progress at their own pace, with immediate feedback on their performance. CAI is particularly effective for learning in the cognitive domain but can also be applied to psychomotor skills through interactive, web-enhanced platforms.

The benefits of CAI include:

• Consistency: Learners receive the same material, presented in a standardized format, ensuring consistent instruction across different groups.
• Accessibility: Learners can access the material 24/7, making it highly convenient for those with varying schedules.
• Immediate Feedback: Learners get real-time feedback on their progress, which helps in reinforcing learning and correcting mistakes.
• Adaptability: CAI can be adapted to suit the learning pace of individuals, allowing slower learners to take their time while faster learners move ahead to more advanced material (DeYoung, 2014).

Conclusion

Self-instruction modules offer a flexible, cost-effective, and efficient method of teaching in nursing education. This approach empowers learners to take charge of their education and facilitates individualized learning experiences that accommodate different paces and learning styles. Whether through printed materials or computer-based modules, self-instruction serves as a vital tool in preparing nurses for the dynamic and ever-changing healthcare environment. Through proper design and facilitation, self-instruction modules can significantly enhance both staff development and patient education.